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- NATION, Page 22Bill Me Later
-
-
- Once again, Washington chooses voodoo economics over
- responsibility
-
- By George J. Church
-
-
- October is supposed to be the month of reckoning for the
- Federal Government, as a new fiscal year begins and the budget
- is hammered out. In the next four weeks, Congress and the Bush
- Administration must raise the federal debt ceiling to $3.1
- trillion, find a way to reduce next year's deficit -- on paper
- at least -- to $110 billion, and scrounge for funds to finance
- the drug war, educational reform and cleanups of the HUD mess
- and even of the storm-ravaged South Carolina coast.
-
- Faced with such unpleasant responsibilities, what did
- Washington do? Once again, it lost itself in a politically
- irresistible orgy of tax reduction. By voting to fulfill George
- Bush's campaign promise and cut capital-gains taxes, House
- Republicans and renegade Democrats jumped at a short-term boost
- in revenues against a long-term loss. The giveaway fractured
- the foundation of the landmark 1986 tax-reform law. The drain
- on the Treasury could be compounded when the measure reaches the
- Senate, where it is expected to pass, and Democrats try to
- extend the tax breaks on individual retirement accounts. It
- seemed like a classic outbreak of "now-nowism," as Budget
- Director Richard Darman, who helped broker the deal, labels the
- nation's hunger for immediate gratification.
-
- Early this year, the capital-gains cut looked like a pledge
- that could not be redeemed. It was one of the few campaign
- issues on which George Bush took a beating from Michael Dukakis;
- Bush's congressional allies introduced legislation, but with no
- real hope of passage. When the proposal began to gather
- surprising momentum, Democratic leaders denounced the idea as
- a giveaway to Bush's rich friends and thundered about a
- "defining issue" -- one on which Democrats should hold fast to
- demonstrate just what the difference is between their party and
- the Republicans. For Bush to prevail in the House, even assuming
- total G.O.P. support, he needed no fewer than 42 Democratic
- defectors.
-
- But the vote last Thursday was not even close. The decision
- came on a Democratic alternative to the capital-gains cut that
- would have made tax-deductible IRAs available to more people,
- balanced by a tax increase on earners of the highest incomes.
- That proposal lost, 239 to 190. Bush bagged 64 Democrats, while
- only one Republican, Douglas Bereuter of Nebraska, voted for
- the alternative.
-
- What happened? To House Speaker Thomas Foley, the answer
- was simple: Americans love a tax cut -- any kind of tax cut --
- and the legislators reflected that feeling. Democrats contended,
- correctly, that 80% of the benefits from the capital-gains slash
- would go to people making more than $100,000 a year, 60% to
- those with incomes over $200,000. No matter, says Foley. Tell
- an ordinary taxpayer that he will reap $10 from a measure that
- will save the likes of Donald Trump an average of $25,000 a
- year, and the taxpayer will reply, "Fine. Give me my $10."
-
- There were other reasons too. Bush undoubtedly swung some
- votes by last-minute lobbying. Many Congressmen bought the
- Administration argument that a tax cut would spur business
- investment, creating more jobs and prosperity for everybody. In
- theory the lure of a lightly taxed payoff will tempt investors
- to put up money for risky ventures. Economists have long
- disputed whether that is true, but it remains an article of
- faith among conservatives.
-
- In addition, Georgia Democrat Ed Jenkins conducted two
- shrewd maneuvers in drafting a successful capital-gains
- compromise. First, he restored a special tax credit for the
- timber industry that was abolished by the 1986 Tax Reform Act.
- Jenkins represents a timber-heavy district, and his move won the
- votes of many legislators representing depressed
- lumber-producing areas. Jenkins also held out the seemingly
- magic lure of a tax cut that would increase revenue. At present,
- capital gains are taxed as ordinary income, at rates up to 33%.
- Bush initially proposed a permanent cut to 15%, but Jenkins
- substituted a reduction to an effective top rate of 19.6%, and
- only for the next two years. That is expected to increase
- federal revenues as much as $6.7 billion between now and 1991,
- as investors rush to sell appreciated assets and pocket the
- lightly taxed gains. That extra income could save Congress from
- voting for the painful spending cuts or unpopular tax increases
- that might otherwise be required in the next two weeks to meet
- the deficit target required by the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings law.
-
- Making the tax cut temporary, however, would seem to take
- away much of the investment incentive that a permanent reduction
- might supply. Also, the Jenkins bill over ten years would cost
- an estimated $21 billion in lost revenues; though the rate goes
- back up in 1992, capital gains after that would be indexed for
- inflation, as income-tax brackets and personal exemptions now
- are. But who in Congress or the Administration cares about the
- long run?
-
- The outcome was a heavy defeat for the new House Democratic
- leadership. Ways and Means Committee chairman Dan Rostenkowski
- looked particularly inept. He took a vacillating, off-again,
- on-again stand and eventually lost control of his committee.
- Majority Leader Richard Gephardt, also a member of Ways and
- Means, failed to recognize the strength of the drive for a
- capital-gains cut. Finally, but too late, he helped draft the
- Democratic alternative -- which combined deductible IRA
- contributions for everybody with an increase, from 28% to 33%,
- in the tax rate on people with incomes over $200,000 -- and took
- the lead in selling it as a matter of party philosophy. The
- capital-gains cut, he declared, was "designed to keep Leona
- Helmsley's dream alive -- that only the little people pay
- taxes." Republicans retorted, in effect, There you go again,
- proposing a tax increase. "Fish gotta swim, birds gotta fly, and
- Democrats gotta raise taxes" was the way one G.O.P. quip put it.
-
- The biggest loser was the philosophy behind the Tax Reform
- Act, passed only three years ago with Ronald Reagan's support.
- The idea was to scrap a system of high tax rates riddled with
- special breaks, and substitute a simplified system of low rates
- made possible by wiping out hundreds of deductions and
- exemptions. That was supposed to promote fairness -- people with
- similar incomes would be taxed equally -- and make the tax code
- an instrument merely for collecting revenue rather than
- furthering economic and social goals. Treating capital gains the
- same as ordinary income was, in the words of New Jersey
- Democratic Senator Bill Bradley, a principal architect of tax
- reform, "the glue that holds the '86 act together."
-
- President Bush never accepted that argument; he still
- believes that the tax code should promote social and economic
- goals. He told reporters last week, "I supported the tax-reform
- law, but in last year's campaign there were one or two areas
- where I felt that we needed to use the tax system to achieve
- various ends." Democratic leaders too have lost the faith; their
- proposed expansion of IRAs would also violate the
- no-special-breaks principle. Consequently, Congress can expect
- a flood of demands from other taxpayers who will claim that
- their income deserves special treatment. Writing in the
- Washington Post, Senator Bradley gloomily predicted that "the
- llama farmers, along with all the other dealmakers and
- tax-shelter merchants who had shut up shop, will put the OPEN
- FOR BUSINESS sign back in the window."
-
- Prospects for reversing that outlook in the Senate are dim.
- Finance Committee chairman Lloyd Bentsen will try to stop the
- capital-gains cut by offering as an alternative broader IRAs,
- without any tax increase to make up the revenue loss. Failing
- that, some Democrats favor strategy to combine the capital-gains
- cut in a monster tax-and-spending bill with so many provisions
- unacceptable to Bush that he will be forced to veto it. That
- risks triggering the automatic spending cuts mandated by
- Gramm-Rudman- Hollings if there is no agreement by Oct. 16 to
- hold the deficit to $110 billion in the fiscal year that began
- Oct. 1. But those cuts could always be rescinded later. And if
- the budget deficit keeps rising? Don't think about it. The
- public, the President and Congress all seem sold on now-nowism.
-
-
- -- Michael Duffy and Hays Gorey/Washington
-
-